Experimental Formula: A formula or an equation discovered through experiment or observation. It represents an existing law in nature.

Error Voltage: The voltage between the two input terminals of an op amp. It is identical to the differential input voltage of the op amp.

Epitaxial Layer: A thin, deposited crystal layer that forms a portion of the electrical structure of certain semiconductors and integrated circuits.

Enhancement-mode MOSFET: A FET with an insulated gate that relies on an inversion layer to control its conductivity.

Emitter Follower: Identical to a CC amplifier. The name emitter follower caught on because it better describes the action. The ac emitter voltage follows the…

Emitter Diode: The diode formed by the emitter and base of a transistor.

Emitter Bias: The best way to bias a transistor for operation in the active region. The key idea is to set up a fixed value…

Emitter: The part of a transistor that is the source of carriers. For npn transistors, the emitter sends free electrons into the base. For pnp…

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): A form of interference resulting from the radiation of high-frequency energy.

Efficiency: The ac load power divided by the dc power supplied to the circuit multiplied by 100 percent.

Duty Cycle: The width of a pulse divided by the period between pulses. Usually, you multiply by 100 percent to get the answer as a…

Donor: A pentavalent atom, one that has five valence electrons. Each pentavalent atom produces one free electron in a silicon crystal.

Discrete Circuit: A circuit whose components, such as resistors, transistors, etc., are soldered or otherwise connected mechanically.

Direct Coupling: Using a direct wire connection instead of a coupling capacitor between stages. For this to succeed, the designer has to make sure the…

Digital-to-Analog Converter (D/A): A circuit or device used to convert a digital signal into its two input terminals.